References

---

¹ Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2023). Australian Burden of Disease Study 2023. Retrieved 30/03/2024 from: https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/burden-of-disease/australian-burden-of-disease-study-2023/contents/summary

² Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2022). Chronic conditions and multimorbidity. Retrieved 01/11/2022 from: https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/australias-health/chronic-conditions-and-multimorbidity

³ Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2023). Australian Burden of Disease Study 2023. Retrieved 30/03/2024 from: https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/burden-of-disease/australian-burden-of-disease-study-2023/contents/summary

⁴ Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2023). Australian Burden of Disease Study 2023. Retrieved 30/03/2024 from: https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/burden-of-disease/australian-burden-of-disease-study-2023/contents/summary

⁵ Australian Bureau of Statistics (2022). National Health Survey. Retrieved 02/04/2024 from: https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/health/health-conditions-and-risks/national-health-survey/2022

⁶ Australian Bureau of Statistics (2022). National Health Survey. Retrieved 02/04/2024 from: https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/health/health-conditions-and-risks/national-health-survey/2022

⁷ Australian Bureau of Statistics (2022). National Health Survey. Retrieved 02/04/2024 from: https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/health/health-conditions-and-risks/national-health-survey/2022

⁸ Mackenbach, J. P. (2015). Socioeconomic inequalities in health in high-income countries: the facts and the options. Oxford textbook of global public health, 1, 106-126.

⁹ Henry, B. R., Houston, S., & Mooney, G. H. (2004). Institutional racism in Australian healthcare: a plea for decency. Medical Journal of Australia, 180(10), 517-520. Doi: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.2004.tb06460.x

¹⁰ Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2018). Australian Burden of Disease Study 2018: key findings for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. Retrieved 16/04/2024 from: https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/burden-of-disease/australian-bod-study-2018-key-findings-indigenous/contents/about

¹¹ Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2018). Australian Burden of Disease Study 2018: key findings for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. Retrieved 16/04/2024 from: https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/burden-of-disease/australian-bod-study-2018-key-findings-indigenous/contents/about

¹² Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2018). Australian Burden of Disease Study 2018: key findings for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. Retrieved 16/04/2024 from: https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/burden-of-disease/australian-bod-study-2018-key-findings-indigenous/contents/about

¹³ Australian Bureau of Statistics (2022). Australia’s Population by Country of Birth. Retrieved 16/04/2024 from: https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/australias-population-country-birth/latest-release

¹⁴ Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2023). Culturally and linguistically diverse Australians. Retrieved 16/04/2024 from: https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports-data/population-groups/cald-australians/overview

¹⁵ Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2023). Culturally and linguistically diverse Australians. Retrieved 16/04/2024 from: https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports-data/population-groups/cald-australians/overview

¹⁶ Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2024). LGBTIQ+ communities. Retrieved 16/04/2024 from: https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports-data/population-groups/lgbtiq/overview

¹⁷ Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2024). LGBTIQ+ communities. Retrieved 16/04/2024 from: https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports-data/population-groups/lgbtiq/overview

¹⁸ Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2024). LGBTIQ+ communities. Retrieved 16/04/2024 from: https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports-data/population-groups/lgbtiq/overview

¹⁹ Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2023). Rural and remote health. Retrieved 16/04/2024 from: https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/rural-remote-australians/rural-and-remote-health

²⁰ Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2023). Rural and remote health. Retrieved 16/04/2024 from: https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/rural-remote-australians/rural-and-remote-health

²¹ Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2023). Rural and remote health. Retrieved 16/04/2024 from: https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/rural-remote-australians/rural-and-remote-health

²² Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2023). Australian Burden of Disease Study 2023. Retrieved 30/03/2024 from: https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/burden-of-disease/australian-burden-of-disease-study-2023/contents/summary

²³ Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2023). Australian Burden of Disease Study 2023. Retrieved 30/03/2024 from: https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/burden-of-disease/australian-burden-of-disease-study-2023/contents/summary

²⁴ Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2023). The health of Australia’s females. Retrieved 16/04/2024 from: https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/men-women/female-health/contents/how-healthy

²⁵ Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2024). Family, domestic and sexual violence. Retrieved 16/04/2024 from: https://www.aihw.gov.au/family-domestic-and-sexual-violence

²⁶ Australian Government (2023). National Strategy to Achieve Gender Equality Discussion Paper. Retrieved 16/04/2024 from: https://www.pmc.gov.au/sites/default/files/resource/download/national-strategy-gender-equality-discussion-paper_0.pdf

²⁷ Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2022). Australia’s children. Retrieved 16/04/2024 from: https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/children-youth/australias-children/contents/health/health-australias-children

²⁸Helldén, D., Andersson, C., Nilsson, M., Ebi, K. L., Friberg, P., & Alfvén, T. (2021). Climate change and child health: a scoping review and an expanded conceptual framework. The Lancet Planetary Health, 5(3), e164-e175. Doi: 10.1016/S2542-5196(20)30274-6

²⁹ Romanello, M., Di Napoli, C., Drummond, P., Green, C., Kennard, H., Lampard, P., ... & Costello, A. (2022). The 2022 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: health at the mercy of fossil fuels. The Lancet, 400(10363), 1619-1654. Doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01540-9

³⁰ Pitt, H., McCarthy, S., & Arnot, G. (2024). Children, young people and the Commercial Determinants of Health. Health Promotion International, 39(1), daad185. Doi: 10.1093/heapro/daad185

³¹ Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2023). Australia’s hospitals at a glance. Retrieved 15/04/2024 from: https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/hospitals/australias-hospitals-at-a-glance/contents/about

³² Australian Medical Association (2022). The general practitioner workforce: why the neglect must end. Retrieved 15/04/2024 from: https://www.ama.com.au/articles/general-practitioner-workforce-why-neglect-must-end

³³ Parliament of Australia (2014). Health Workforce Australia (Abolition) Bill 2014. Retrieved 27/05/2023 from: https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Bills_Legislation/bd/bd1314a/14bd077

³⁴ Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2023). Australia’s hospitals at a glance. Retrieved 15/04/2024 from: https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/hospitals/australias-hospitals-at-a-glance/contents/about

³⁵ Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2023). Australia’s hospitals at a glance. Retrieved 15/04/2024 from: https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/hospitals/australias-hospitals-at-a-glance/contents/about

³⁶ Australian Health Ministers’ Advisory Council (2015). National Elective Surgery Urgency Categorisation. Retrieved 08/05/2023 from: https://ranzcog.edu.au/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/National-Elective-Surgery-Categorisation.pdf

³⁷ Australian Medical Association (2022). Shining a light on the elective surgery ‘hidden’ waiting list. Retrieved 04/05/2023 from: https://www.ama.com.au/elective-surgery-hidden-waiting-list

³⁸ AScott, S., Sedghi, S., Florance, L. (2022. 5 July). GP wait times increase as Australia faces ‘perfect storm’ of flu, COVID, and doctor shortage. ABC News. Retrieved 08/05/2023 from: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-07-05/gp-wait-times-getting-longer-as-doctor-shortage-grows/101205346

³⁹ Le May, R. (2023, April 1). Breast cancer fears mount with months-long waits for ultrasounds, mammograms amid ‘COVID catch-up). The West Australian. Retrieved 25/05/2023 from: https://thewest.com.au/news/health/breast-cancer-fears-mount-with-months-long-waits-for-ultrasounds-mammograms-amid-covid-catch-up-c-10191403

⁴⁰ Cunningham, M. (2022, November 6). Fears of late diagnoses as worker shortages blow out medical scan waitlists. The Age. Retrieved 25/05/2023 from: https://www.theage.com.au/national/victoria/cancers-diagnosed-late-as-worker-shortages-blow-out-medical-scan-waitlists-20221106-p5bvwd.html

⁴¹ Jeganathan, S. (2023, November 24). The Growing Problem of Radiologist Shortages: Australia and New Zealand’s Perspective. Korean J Radiol, 24 (11). Doi: 10.3348/kjr.2023.0831

⁴² Barraclough, A. (2024, January 23). Australian women who find breast lumps tell of lengthy wait times for diagnostic mammograms. ABC News. Retrieved 15/5/2024 from: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-01-23/mammogram-long-wait-high-cost-australia-breast-cancer/103312994

⁴³ Melville,B. (2024, January 29). Lack of affordable MRI in regional WA causes resident to travel hours to Perth for scan. ABC News. Retrieved 16/5/2024 from: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-01-29/lack-of-mri-machines-in-regional-wa-cause-resident-to-travel/103388214

⁴⁴ Bolton, M. (2023, April 16). Calls for all-hours ultrasound services in regional Queensland hospitals after girl’s misdiagnosis. ABC News. Retrieved 16/05/2024 from: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-04-16/gympie-hospital-misdiagnoses-girl-who-needs-emergency-surgery/102224382

⁴⁵ Swannell, C. (2024, April 3). Deregulate All MRIs To Ensure Equity Nationwide, Says College. The Medical Republic. Retrieved 16.5.2024 from: https://www.medicalrepublic.com.au/deregulate-all-mris-to-ensure-equity-nationwide-says-college/106404.

⁴⁶ Gerson Lehrman Group. (2023, January 3). Challenges and Opportunities in Australia’s Radiology Industry. Healthcare and Life Sciences. Retrieved 16/5/2024 from: https://glginsights.com/articles/challenges-and-opportunities-in-australias-radiology-industry/

⁴⁷ Australian Medical Association (2022). The general practitioner workforce: why the neglect must end. Retrieved 19/09/2023 from: https://www.ama.com.au/articles/general-practitioner-workforce-why-neglect-must-end

⁴⁸ Australian Medical Association (2022). Why Medicare indexation matters. Retrieved 10/04/2024 from: https://www.ama.com.au/articles/why-medicare-indexation-matters

⁴⁹ Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2023). Health expenditure Australia 2021–22. Retrieved 29/03/2024 from: https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/health-welfare-expenditure/health-expenditure

⁵⁰ Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2023). Health expenditure Australia 2021–22. Retrieved 29/03/2024 from: https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/health-welfare-expenditure/health-expenditure

⁵¹ Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2023). Health expenditure Australia 2021–22. Retrieved 29/03/2024 from: https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/health-welfare-expenditure/health-expenditure

⁵² Parliament of Australia (2022). Parliamentary Budget Office Data portal. Retrieved 29/03/2024 from: https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_departments/Parliamentary_Budget_Office/Data_portal

⁵³ Australian Bureau of Statistics (2022). National, state and territory population. Retrieved 29/03/2024 from: https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/national-state-and-territory-population/sep-2022#data-downloads

⁵⁴ Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2022). Life expectancy at birth. Retrieved 29/03/2024 from: https://data.oecd.org/healthstat/life-expectancy-at-birth.htm

⁵⁵ Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2022). Health spending. Retrieved 29/03/2024 from: https://data.oecd.org/healthres/health-spending.htm

⁵⁶ World Bank Group, United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects (2022). Life expectancy at birth, total (years) - Australia Retrieved 4/7/2024 from: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?locations=AU

⁵⁷ World Bank Group, United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects (2022). Life expectancy at birth, total (years) - Australia Retrieved 4/7/2024 from: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?locations=AU

⁵⁸ The Commonwealth Fund (2021). Mirror, Mirror 2021: Reflecting Poorly. Retrieved 15/05/2023 from: https://www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/fund-reports/2021/aug/mirror-mirror-2021-reflecting-poorly

⁵⁹ Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2022). Health spending. Retrieved 29/03/2024 from: https://data.oecd.org/healthres/health-spending.htm

⁶⁰ Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2019). Health at a glance 2019: OECD Indicators. OECD Publishing, Paris. Doi: 10.1787/19991312. Retrieved 01/11/2022 from: https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/social-issues-migration-health/health-at-a-glance-2019_4dd50c09-en

⁶¹ Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2015). OECD Reviews of Health Care Quality: Australia 2015. Retrieved 01/11/2022 from: https://www.oecd.org/australia/oecd-reviews-of-health-care-quality-australia-2015-9789264233836-en.htm

⁶² National Health and Hospitals Reform Commission (2009). A healthier future for all Australians Final Report. Retrieved 05/05/2023 from: https://cotasa.org.au/assets/volumes/downloads/News/NHHRC_Report.pdf

⁶³ Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2015). OECD Reviews of Health Care Quality: Australia 2015. Retrieved 01/11/2022 from: https://www.oecd.org/australia/oecd-reviews-of-health-care-quality-australia-2015-9789264233836-en.htm

⁶⁴ Calder, R., Dunkin R., Rochford C., Nichols T. (2019). Australian health services: too complex to navigate. A review of the national reviews of Australia’s health service arrangements. Australian Health Policy Collaboration, Policy Issues Paper No. 1. Retrieved 05/05/2023 from: https://www.vu.edu.au/sites/default/files/australian-health-services-too-complex-to-navigate.pdf

⁶⁵ Dixit, S. K., & Sambasivan, M. (2018). A review of the Australian healthcare system: A policy perspective. SAGE open medicine, 6. Doi: 10.1177/2050312118769211

⁶⁶ National Health and Hospitals Reform Commission (2009). A healthier future for all Australians Final Report. Retrieved 05/05/2023 from: https://cotasa.org.au/assets/volumes/downloads/News/NHHRC_Report.pdf

⁶⁷ Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2015). OECD Reviews of Health Care Quality: Australia 2015. Retrieved 01/11/2022 from: https://www.oecd.org/australia/oecd-reviews-of-health-care-quality-australia-2015-9789264233836-en.htm

⁶⁸ Calder, R., Dunkin R., Rochford C., Nichols T. (2019). Australian health services: too complex to navigate. A review of the national reviews of Australia’s health service arrangements. Australian Health Policy Collaboration, Policy Issues Paper No. 1. Retrieved 05/05/2023 from: https://www.vu.edu.au/sites/default/files/australian-health-services-too-complex-to-navigate.pdf

⁶⁹ Dixit, S. K., & Sambasivan, M. (2018). A review of the Australian healthcare system: A policy perspective. SAGE open medicine, 6. Doi: 10.1177/2050312118769211

⁷⁰ National Health and Hospitals Reform Commission (2009). A healthier future for all Australians Final Report. Retrieved 05/05/2023 from: https://cotasa.org.au/assets/volumes/downloads/News/NHHRC_Report.pdf

⁷¹ Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2018). Australian Burden of Disease Study 2018: Interactive data on risk factor burden. Retrieved 22/04/2024 from: https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/burden-of-disease/abds-2018-interactive-data-risk-factors/contents/summary

⁷² Australian Bureau of Statistics (2022). National Health Survey. Retrieved 02/04/2024 from: https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/health/health-conditions-and-risks/national-health-survey/2022

⁷³ Australian Bureau of Statistics (2022). National Health Survey. Retrieved 02/04/2024 from: https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/health/health-conditions-and-risks/national-health-survey/2022

⁷⁴ Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2022). Overweight or obese population. Retrieved 01/11/2022 from: https://data.oecd.org/healthrisk/overweight-or-obese-population.htm

⁷⁵ Australian Bureau of Statistics (2022). Alcohol consumption. 04/05/2023 from: https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/health/health-conditions-and-risks/alcohol-consumption/latest-release

⁷⁶ Bhatta, D. N., & Glantz, S. A. (2020). Association of e-cigarette use with respiratory disease among adults: a longitudinal analysis. American journal of preventive medicine, 58(2), 182-190. Doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2019.07.028

⁷⁷ Greenhalgh, E.M., Scollo, M.M.,& Winstanley, M.H. (2023). Tobacco in Australia: Facts and issues. Cancer Council Victoria. Retrieved 04/05/2023 from: www.tobaccoinaustralia.org.au

⁷⁸ Pettigrew, S., Miller, M., Santos, J. A., Raj, T. S., Brown, K., & Jones, A. (2023). E-cigarette attitudes and use in a sample of Australians aged 15–30 years. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 47(2). Doi: 10.1016/j.anzjph.2023.10003

⁷⁹ Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2021). Health expenditure Australia 2019–20. Retrieved 01/11/2022 from: https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/health-welfare-expenditure/health-expenditure-australia-2019-20/contents/summary

⁸⁰ Parliament of Australia (2014). Australian National Preventative Health Agency (Abolition) Bill 2014. Retrieved 05/05/2023 from: https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Bills_Legislation/Bills_Search_Results/Result?bId=r5203

⁸¹ Stepanek, M., Hafner, M., Taylor, J., Grand-Clement, S., & van Stolk, C. (2017). The return on investment for preventative healthcare programmes. RAND Corporation. Retrieved 01/11/2022 from: https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR1700/RR1787/RAND_RR1787.pdf

⁸² Australia Medical Association (2021). Public hospitals: Cycle of crisis. Retrieved 05/05/2023 from: https://www.ama.com.au/public-hospitals-cycle-of-crisis